Eskimos--The People of the Arctic
"Eskimo" is an American Indian word which translates to "eaters of raw meat." Ironically, scientists put the Indians in a separate anthropological category while the Eskimos are considered more closely related to the natives of northern Asia. People we call Eskimos originally came from Asia across a land
bridge (which no longer exists) into northern North America (now
called Alaska). They gradually spread across the Arctic regions of
the continent. Eventually they came to live in four countries: (1)
the Soviet Union;
They do not use the word "Eskimo" when speaking of themselves.
Instead they use a term that means (to them) simply "people." In
Canada that word is "Inuit," while in Alaska Eskimos refer to
themselves as "Inupiat" and "Yupik." The word "Yuit" is used
in
Siberia. Eskimo people share similar physical characteristics: light brown skin, straight black hair, dark eyes, and wide faces with high cheekbones. Languages spoken are basically the same throughout the region. Eskimos lived in some of the world's coldest areas near the Arctic Circle. Surviving was a struggle, a constant battle with the elements. FOOD: The cold waters of the Arctic provided the Eskimos with a great deal of their food. They lived on seals (the single most important part of their diet), salmon, cod, whales, and other sea life. On land were caribou and geese in the summer. (You had to go inland to find caribou.) During the winter they hunted polar bears, foxes, and hares. Their favorite foods were seal and caribou meat, walrus liver, and the skin of whales. SHELTER: In order to find those animals, it was necessary for
the Eskimos to live a wandering life, following their migrations.
Generally, they would have a summer home and a winter home.
Tents made of skin (seal or caribou) provided
shelter during the summer months. In winter, most of them built CLOTHING: Animal skins provided clothing for the Eskimos;
their favorite was caribou because it was warm and lightweight.
Lacking caribou they would settle for seal, polar
bear, or even Arctic fox. Styles varied from area to area, but in
all regions everyone wore the same combination: a hooded Eskimos lived in groups of several families; they might contain as many as several hundred people. Generally, a family would consist of a husband and wife, unmarried children, and married sons with their wives and children. Eskimo children were considered "treasures" and rarely punished. There was never any scolding or slapping. That doesn't mean that they were spoiled. The man's role was to hunt food, drive the dog sled, row the boat, and build shelters. A wife's most important duty was to make the family's clothing, being sure it was warm and windproof. She also looked after the children, cooked for her family, and sometimes even helped her husband with his duties. Eskimo men and women treated each other as equals; women were not "second-class citizens." Eskimos had no laws as such, simply rules of conduct. The most
important of those rules were: A disagreement might be settled by a fight. A more peaceful solution would be a contest in which the opposing parties would throw insults at each other. The first one to get upset would have lost both the contest and the dispute. A person who committed murder or another serious crime could be executed, but that order had to come from the older men of the group. Eskimos believed that spirits controlled the wind, weather, sun, waters, and the moon. Probably the most important of these spirits was the sea goddess Sedna. The Eskimos thought that Sedna ruled over the seals, whales, and other sea animals. She lived at the bottom of the ocean. If they did not please Sedna by following certain rules, she might drive away these very important animals. Each community usually included a man or woman believed to have the power to communicate with those spirits. He or she was called an "angatkuq" by the Eskimos and a "shaman" by white people. They tried to bring good weather, heal the sick, increase the supply of game, and generally improve community conditions. Eskimos also believed that both people and animals had souls that lived in another world after death. Special rules were followed to keep the spirits and souls from inflicting punishments (such as sickness) on the living. An Eskimo's death required that the body be wrapped in animal skins and laid on the tundra (land frozen most of the year but which thaws partially during the summer). It was surrounded by a circle of stones. Tools and other items would be placed next to the body for its soul to use in the next world. Eskimos Today Eskimo life is much different now. Most of the people live in towns or small settlements. They wear modern clothing, live in modern houses, and eat food purchased from stores. Instead of kayaks and dog sleds, they use motorboats and snowmobiles. Many have renounced the native religion for Christianity. Many Eskimos now work for wages, but a substantial number are unemployed and require government help to live. Here is a short description of Eskimo life in the four countries where they live: In the Soviet Union at present there are approximately 1,500 Eskimos living on the northeast tip of Siberia. In the 1920s the Communist government took control of all Eskimo communities. They provided health care and helped with housing and education. The Eskimos were encouraged to produce goods for sale throughout the country. Some examples of successes in this area were reindeer hides, walrus tusks, and bone and soapstone carvings. In Alaska the Eskimo population is approximately 42,000. By the
early 1900s, rifle hunting and trapping greatly reduced the number
of game animals. They began to hunt reindeer which had been
brought in from Siberia by the U. S. government. They became U.
S. citizens in 1924. During World War II (1941-1945) they
worked at U. S. military bases; afterward, part-time jobs were the
only employment available. Many
now depend on the government to improve living conditions.
Eskimos benefited, to a small degree, from the 1968 oil strike.
Most of the Eskimo children do not finish high school. Canada's Eskimo population is about 25,000. Their lives didn't change a lot until the 1950s. The fur trade declined, and the number of caribou decreased after rifle use increased. More and more of the Eskimos moved to communities developed
around trading posts, government administrative offices, military
radar sites, and mission churches. Construction jobs were
plentiful for a period of time. The Canadian government assisted
through the development of
commercial fishing cooperatives and handicrafts. Soapstone
sculptures are sold to people in Canada and the United States.
The government provides assistance with financial aid and health
care. Greenland is presently a province of Denmark, after being a Danish colony for 573 years. There are approximately 50,000 Eskimos living there. In the early 1900s they began to engage in commercial fishing. A change in climate warmed coastal waters; this drove seals north and attracted cod, salmon, and other fish. Shortly afterward, the Danish government established programs to aid the Eskimos. They improved education, housing, and health care besides providing training for jobs in manufacturing and service industries. The Eskimos who live in northern Greenland still follow the traditional life. Although many changes have occurred since their ancestors first
arrived in North America, there are almost 120,000 Eskimos still
living in the Far North. To survive they have been forced to battle
weather and then the influence of white men; in many ways the
latter has been much more challenging to their endurance. To James School Online
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